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The most frustrating part of email marketing? Putting weeks of planning and effort into an email campaign…only to have it fail to deliver. When we asked email marketers their key priorities for our annual State of Email Survey, monitoring their deliverability rates hit the top five.

Every time you press send, your email goes through an obstacle course of deliverability checks—meant to keep spammers and scammers from hurting your subscribers—and sometimes, your innocent email marketing campaigns can get caught.

Three main factors influence your overall deliverability:

1. 1. Infrastructure: Identification and authentication records. These are technical must-dos like DNS, DKIM, and DMARC that your team (or your email service provider (ESP)) needs to complete if you want to send emails.
   2. Content: What your message contains and how your subscribers respond. If someone marks you as spam, you’re going to be in the spam folder.
   3. Reputation: The receiver’s rating of your sending domain and IP addresses, kind of like a credit score, but for email geeks.

If you’re struggling to land emails in the inbox, and you’ve already dotted your i’s and crossed your t’s with infrastructure, it’s time to dive into the nebulous black box of email sender reputation. In this blog post, we’ll cover:

• What is email sender reputation?
• What is domain  reputation and sender score?
• How to check your email sender reputation
• Why has your email reputation gone down?
• How to recover from a poor sender reputation
• Top best practices for email sender reputation

What is email sender reputation?

Your email sender reputation is a score or measure that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) assign to an organization sending emails. Your email deliverability is a result of your email reputation. The better your reputation, the more likely you’ll have higher email deliverability. ISPs look at several different factors when determining your reputation:

1. Your sender behavior

ISPs are closely watching the volume of emails you send and how consistent you are. Sudden spikes can make it look like you’re engaging in spammy behavior.

“A sharp increase in volume, where you usually send 1,000 emails in a single week, and then one week you send 15,000 is going to make a lot of ISPs look twice,”

It’s okay to send lots of emails (yay for big email lists!) but don’t overload your subscribers. Consistency is key. Stick to a steady cadence, and avoid massive jumps in volume.

2. Your subscriber behavior

Your reputation hinges on how your subscribers interact with your emails. Are they opening them, clicking through, replying, or forwarding? Or are they marking them as spam and unsubscribing? ISPs look for positive engagement signals.

ISPs regularly look at:

• How many subscribers engage with emails from you (based on actions like open, reply, forward, delete and click)
• How many recipients mark your emails as spam
• Your unsubscribe rate

The more your subscribers engage with your content, the better your reputation. If they’re not engaging, it’s time to rethink your approach—because engagement is a vote of confidence in your emails.

3. Your email list hygiene

Keeping a clean email list is crucial for maintaining a good reputation. Hitting spam traps—those sneaky addresses designed to catch spammers—or being listed on a blocklist can seriously damage your standing.

Other factors ISPs evaluate include:

• If your organization hit any ISP spam traps or is on any blocklists
• Email bounces

Regularly scrubbing your lists for inactive subscribers and hard bounces will help you avoid these pitfalls. Good list hygiene shows ISPs that you’re sending to a healthy, engaged audience.

4. Your email authentication

ISPs want to see that you’re playing by the rules. Setting up proper email authentication protocols like SPF, DKIM, and DMARC helps prove your legitimacy. Think of these as the “ID checks” for your emails—showing that you are who you say you are and building trust with both ISPs and your audience.

Note: All ISPs will weigh these factors differently.

What is domain reputation and sender score?

Each email sender has a sending domain. It’s the text that follows ‘@’.

For example, here the sending domain, or domain name, is ‘peppercontent.in’.

Your sending reputation depends on the domain and IP address you’re sending emails from—plus additional factors:

“When introduced to the concept, people tend to think that “sender reputation” is an alpha or numeric score assigned by the Internet, easily calculated and cataloged. Both much simpler and much more complicated, sender reputation is the email-specific outcome of what people really think about your brand. Your reputation is based on your own behaviors and users’ responses to them, which in turn influence where mail ends up next time, whether that’s in your subscribers’ inboxes, spam folders, or blocked altogether. If people sincerely like you, their behavior will show it and you’ll be rewarded with inbox placement. But if recipients just aren’t that into you, your messages will be relegated as spam or rejected, even if you’re not breaking the law or sending what you consider to be spam. Reputation isn’t a grade, it’s an ongoing assessment of your brand’s respect for your mutual customers.”

Your IP reputation matters. If you’re on a dedicated IP address, you’ll have a much clearer image of your email-sending reputation. But if you’re on a shared IP address, your email sending reputation may be impacted by others on your shared IP.

How to check your email sender score

Email deliverability can make or break your email marketing strategy—it’s that important. Yet, 22% of email geeks who took our survey admitted they don’t measure their deliverability (or aren’t sure if they do). Surprising, right? The good news is that checking your sender score doesn’t have to be complicated or expensive. There are free tools out there, like Google Postmaster Tools, that make it easy to see how your emails are performing and where you stand.

(Pssst, you can also get a full suite of deliverability tools, including monitoring your sender reputation, with Litmus Spam Testing.)

Why has your email reputation gone down?

Your email reputation is shaped by several key factors: your sender behavior, your subscriber behavior, your list hygiene, and your email authentication. If you’re seeing a dip in your reputation score—or noticing poor performance in your email campaigns—it’s worth taking a closer look at these areas:

Sender behavior

Sometimes, fixing your email reputation can be as simple as changing your own behavior. If you’re seeing a drop in your sender score, ask yourself:

• Is the volume of emails too high or inconsistent?
• Am I sending emails to people who have unsubscribed or show no engagement?
• What kind of automations do I have set up, and are they necessary?
• Have I landed on a blacklist or blocklist?

Subscriber behavior

Your sender reputation is directly tied to how your subscribers respond to your emails. If engagement is low, it’s time to dig into your metrics:

• Am I running any automated campaigns that consistently get low open or no clicks?
• What are my overall open and click rates for my email campaigns?
• How many unsubscribes have been reported recently?
• Am I providing a clear and easy way for people to unsubscribe?
• How many spam complaints am I getting?
• Are my emails too long and getting cut off by email clients?

Email list hygiene

If your subscribers aren’t responding to your emails the way you hope, then it may be a mismatch between who is on your list and the kinds of emails you send. Conduct an email list audit and ask yourself:

• Where did I get these subscribers, and did I have their explicit permission to email them? (And remember—never buy an email list—that’s a surefire way to ruin your sender reputation.)
• What is my bounce rate for hard bounces and soft bounces?
• Am I sending emails to spam traps?

Email authentication

Without proper email authentication, ISPs might not trust your emails. Make sure you have SPF, DKIM, and DMARC set up correctly. These protocols prove you are who you say you are, which builds trust with ISPs and helps protect your reputation.

Diagnosing what’s causing a dip in your sender reputation helps you address the problem head-on and get back on track.

How to recover from a poor sender reputation

Trust us, poor sender reputation can happen to anyone. In June 2022, we experienced an issue with our email reputation as we noticed our inbox placement had gone from 98-99% to less than 90%.

Uh-oh.

If this is happening to you right now, here’s what to do:

Step 1: Identify the problematic ISP

In our case, it was Gmail.

The key here is to identify which ISP you’re having difficulty with and send only to your most engaged audiences for that ISP. While this will drastically bring down the number of people you’re reaching with your emails, it will improve your engagement rates and ensure inbox placement.

This step will indicate to your mailbox provider that your emails are not spam, and your readers are engaging with them.

We used Litmus Email Analytics to identify subscribers who use Gmail to open our emails and segmented that audience into those who engaged in the last 10/30/45/60/90 days. We then suppressed Gmail subscribers who hadn’t opened in the last 10 days. Then, we slowly increased volume, week by week, and tracked engagement.

Step 2: Identify risky email automations and turn those off

Campaigns such as win-back email campaigns are risky. After all, they are reaching out to an already disinterested audience. The chances of them opening your emails and engaging with your content are low.

Email automations your subscribers and customers might not engage with include:

• Cart abandonment emails
• Re-engagement campaigns

Even though these email flows can sometimes work to revive disengaged customers and subscribers, they have a higher likelihood of going unopened and not clicked on than transactional or other emails in the promotions tab in Gmail. If these campaign emails do not lead to engagement, it will further harm your email reputation. Turn these campaigns off to improve your engagement rates if you’re having a reputation crisis.

Step 3: Contact your Postmasters

Once you’ve taken steps to remedy your deliverability issues, but it’s still not working, you can also reach out to your ISP postmasters. A postmaster is the administrator of an email service. They deal with spam emails and sender reputation.

Once you’ve identified your problematic ISP, send them a report using these forms:

• Gmail
• Yahoo Mail
• Outlook

Gmail’s postmasters may not respond. So, until you see an improvement in your inbox placement, keep notifying Gmail of your issues through their postmaster contact form—advisably every week.

Outlook and Yahoo Mail, on the other hand, will likely respond to you via email within three to four days. Their response will indicate whether they’ve found issues with your email domain and are working on a fix, or that they haven’t found any issues.

Step 4: Start increasing send volume when engagement rates increase

Once you see an uptick in engagement rates—and only then—you can start sending emails to more people again.

For example, if you were previously only sending your campaigns to people who had opened your emails in the last 15 days, you can now raise the bar to 30 days. Monitor the new results and then rinse and repeat until you hit your typical, full sending volume.

For acquisition-related campaigns (where you’re contacting new/unengaged subscribers), having a secondary dedicated IP address can protect your primary IP address (used for campaigns that drive business goals and need to have good inbox placement rates). At Litmus, we’ve onboarded a secondary IP address and a secondary sending subdomain for acquisition programs, cart abandon programs, and re-engagement nurtures.

Email sender score best practices

Hopefully, you’ll never have to deal with a dip in reputation like we did. (Phew, we’re so glad that’s over.) In the meantime, though, there are proactive steps you can take for your email marketing program:

Think about your send frequency

Subscribers who see your brand name pop up again and again in their inbox may start to get annoyed—especially if you’re using segmentation or personalization in your emails. The name of the game is engagement, so give your subscribers the option to choose which emails they receive from you.

This example from underwear brand ThirdLove is a great way not only to gather more first-party data from your subscribers but also to make sure that you’re sending the right emails to the right people:

“There’s this expectation that you always need to send an email,” says Email Marketing Manager Tracie Pang. “But if you’re continuing to send emails without engagement, it’s going to affect your sender reputation. Sending to your list multiple days in a row like that could lead to more than one spam complaint because they’re tired of hearing from you.”

Make the unsubscribe easy

Similarly, make it as easy as possible to unsubscribe. No more “hacks” to get around legal requirements. Don’t fear the unsubscribe email list! It’s much better to have a slightly smaller list with higher engagement than a large list of people who don’t want to hear from you.

If you don’t make it easy to unsubscribe, you’ll just see a spike in spam complaints—which will hit your sender reputation hard. “Some spam complaints could come from not having an easy unsubscribe,” says Pang. “You should have a one-click unsubscribe button to comply with Gmail and Yahoo, but also because it’s the best way to make sure someone isn’t just marking you as spam out of frustration.”

Focus on minimizing those instead. To comply with Gmail and Yahoo’s sender requirements (including deliverability rules), for example, you must maintain a spam complaint rate of 0.3%, or no more than three spam reports for every 1,000 messages.

Your deliverability (and your bottom line) will thank you.

Clean your email list regularly

Make it a regular to-do to clean out those email lists. First, you’ll want to filter out common typos (like gmial.com or yaho.com) or any email addresses that have bounced. If you’re seeing a lot of these kinds of emails, then consider doing double opt-in instead of single opt-in for your email acquisition. Yes, it adds an extra step for subscribers—but it also ensures you’ll never add a fake email address to your list.

After that, sift through your email list based on engagement. Anyone who hasn’t opened an email in, say, 60 days should be tagged for a re-engagement email campaign.

Sending a re-engagement campaign is a last-ditch effort to see if they want to stay on your list. If they don’t engage with that email, either, then it’s time to say buh-bye.

Monitor and measure your email sender reputation with Litmus

The key to a successful email program is ensuring your messages land in the inbox, not the spam folder.

With Litmus, you can scan your emails across 20+ spam filters and get real-time action items to improve deliverability and maintain a strong sender reputation. Plus, our API integrates seamlessly with your ESP, making it easier than ever to keep tabs on your email performance.

Don’t leave your deliverability to chance—boost it with Litmus.